Educație universitară

Colegiul, instituție care oferă învățământ postliceal. Termenul este folosit fără uniformizarea sensului.

teatru: teatru academic

Începând cu a doua jumătate a secolului XX, a existat o cantitate semnificativă de activitate teatrală desfășurată de americani și europeni

În dreptul roman, un colegiu era un corp de persoane asociate pentru o funcție comună. Numele a fost folosit de multe instituții medievale - de la bresle la corpul care l-a ales pe Sfântul Împărat Roman.

Școlile secundare sunt uneori numite colegii. Colegiile din Anglia Winchester și Eton - care datează din secolul al XIV-lea - sunt exemple. Din 1539 până în 1773, iezuiții au construit colegii în țările și coloniile catolice. În Franța post-napoleonică municipalitățile au fondat colegii unde nu erau disponibile liceele guvernului central.

În Bologna medievală corpul instructorilor a fost numit colegiu și corpul studențesc universitas. Dar unii studenți au trăit în colegia. În majoritatea universităților din Evul Mediu ulterior, colegiul a însemnat o reședință înzestrată pentru studenți, de obicei candidați atât pentru studii de licență, cât și pentru studii avansate. Colegiile au crescut cel mai puternic la Universitatea din Paris și la universitățile din Oxford și Cambridge. Fiecare a avut colegii în secolul al XIII-lea, în special Sorbona din Paris, Merton Oxford și Peterhouse din Cambridge. Până la 1500 de puțini studenți trăiau în afara colegiilor. Colegiile păstraau biblioteci și instrumente științifice și ofereau salarii regulate - ocazional catedre - medicilor și tutorilor care ar putea pregăti studenții pentru a fi examinați pentru studii. Învățământul universitar eclipsat. În cele din urmă,titularul unei catedre universitare nu prea avea de făcut în afară de examinarea studenților pregătiți în diferitele colegii.

Colleges disappeared from Paris and the rest of continental Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. But colleges have retained their function at Oxford and Cambridge, although the trend has been to share instructors and resources among themselves and with the universities. The Swedish nation and the Spanish colegio are contemporary continental efforts to gain some of the advantages of the older system.

Dublin University and its first college—Trinity—were both founded in 1591; the college and the university became almost one because no other colleges were founded, although distant Magee College later affiliated.

The idea that a college trains for a degree and a university grants it was strong in the 19th-century British system. Two colleges were founded in London in the 1820s, but in 1836 the University of London was founded to grant degrees to their students. Many other colleges—most of them physically remote from each other—have affiliated with that university. The University of Durham was founded in 1837 as an Oxford-model campus with several colleges for residence and teaching; it later acquired affiliate colleges elsewhere—some in British colonies. University colleges were founded by Roman Catholics in Ireland in the 1850s; their students were usually examined for degrees at established universities until the National University of Ireland was founded in 1908. Other universities with colleges were founded. But English universities founded after 1879—commonly called “red brick” universities—have no colleges. The University of St. Andrews in Scotland is composed of two colleges.

The Maritime Provinces and Ontario in Canada have had colleges since the late 18th century, but most colleges in English-speaking Canada are affiliated with universities. Colleges were founded in the Cape Province in South Africa in the 19th century; most later became universities. In Australia universities without colleges were founded in the 19th century. But teachers’ colleges and “colleges of advanced education” exist—and grant bachelor’s degrees. New Zealand’s only college other than a teachers’ college is a campus affiliated with a university. British Africa had mostly colleges until independence, when national universities—often on the London model—were founded.

In the United States college may refer to a four-year institution of higher education offering only the bachelor’s degree, or it may refer to a junior or community college with a two-year program that leads to the associate degree. A four-year college usually emphasizes a liberal-arts or general education rather than specialized technical or vocational preparation. The four-year college may be an independent privately controlled liberal-arts college, or it may be the undergraduate division of a private or state university. A university division that offers a graduate or professional degree is usually called either a “college” or a “school” or “graduate school.” The term “college” also refers to separate degree-granting professional institutions such as state teachers’ colleges and agricultural colleges. “College” is also used in the names of institutions that teach office skills, automotive repair, hairdressing, and other trades.

In 1783 the United States had nine colleges that had earlier been chartered to grant bachelor’s degrees and were sometimes informally called universities. After independence, states established universities similar to those colleges, and teachers’ colleges and agricultural colleges were also founded. Cornell University, in Ithaca, N.Y., opened in 1868 and was the first American university to be divided into colleges offering different degrees. When Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876, it was divided administratively into an undergraduate college and a graduate school. Many state universities quickly imitated this plan, and in the 1890s Yale, Harvard, and other private universities did likewise.

The Collège de France—with antecedents in France dating to 1518—offers postsecondary study but no degrees. In Quebec, collèges classiques offer secondary and baccalaureate studies and are affiliated with universities. In Germany Kollegien appears in the name of some institutions offering technical courses. See also higher education.